R Notebook

Methods

Site Descriptions

  A total of 41 sites were monitored at 7 parks within the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network, including Assateague Island National Seashore (Maryland and Virginia), Cape Cod National Seashore (Massachusetts), Colonial National Historical Park (Virginia), Fire Island National Seashore (New York), Gateway National Recreation Area (New Jersey and New York), George Washington Birthplace National Monument (Virginia), and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site (New York) (Figure 1). Salt marsh vegetation cover was monitored between 1997 to 2018 (Table 1).

 

 

Table 1. Site count, plot count, monitoring years, and count of sampling events at each park.
Park Unit	Unit Code	Location	Number of Sites	Number of Plots	Sample Years	Sampling Events
Assateague Island National Seashore	ASIS	MD, VA	9	2,180	2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018	6
Cape Cod National Seashore	CACO	MA	10	2,293	1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013	11
Colonial National Historical Park	COLO	VA	8	1,043	2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016	5
Fire Island National Seashore	FIIS	NY	9	2,396	2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017	5
Gateway National Recreation Area	GATE	NJ, NY	3	414	2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018	5
George Washington Birthplace National Monument	GEWA	VA	1	140	2008, 2010, 2012	3
Sagamore Hill National Historic Site	SAHI	NY	1	227	2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017	5

Sampling Protocol

  x, y, z.

 

Results

  In total, we identified 280 unique plant species within the salt marshes at all 7 parks. Mean plot species richness varied from 1.7 at SAHI to 3.4 at CACO (mean: 2.5 ± 0.3; Table 2). Max plot species richness varied from 1.8972222 at GATE to 6.9219858 at CACO (mean: 3 ± 1; Table 2).

Total species richness varied from 18 at SAHI to 189 at CACO (mean: 68 ± 21; Table 2). The number of species that were unique to each park varied from 2 at SAHI to 123 at CACO (mean: 27 ± 16; Table 2).

  Mean plot species richness remained low (between 1.2 to 3.6) throughout the study period at all parks except CACO (Figure 1). At CACO, mean plot species richness fluctuated greatly between the beginning of the study period in 1997 to 2005 (min: 2.0 in 2003; max: 6.9 in 2000) - most likely due to the fact that different sites (and different numbers of sites) were sampled in each sampling year, in contrast to the other parks where the same sites were sampled every time. (Figure 1). Between 2005 to 2018 however, mean plot species richness at CACO stabilized between 2.2 and 3.1, similar to the other 6 parks.

 

Table 2. Plant species richness within the salt marshes at each park.
Park Unit	Mean Plot Richness	Max Plot Richness	Total Richness	Unique Species Count
ASIS	2.1	2.432972	42	5
CACO	3.4	6.921986	189	123
COLO	2.9	2.995000	63	19
FIIS	2.6	2.782237	59	8
GATE	1.7	1.897222	58	26
GEWA	3.4	3.619048	44	4
SAHI	1.7	2.200000	18	2
mean (± 1 SE)	2.5 ± 0.3	3 ± 1	68 ± 21	27 ± 16

 

 

Rare, Threatened & Endangered Species

  Only 1 rare species - Myrica gale at GATE - was identified across all parks. Myrica gale was only found in one plot in 2017 at GATE. No federally listed threatened or endangered species were found at any of the parks.

 

Invasive, Noxious & Prohibited Species

  Of the 280 unique species identified across all parks, 10 were considered invasive, noxious, or prohibited within their respective states (Table 3). No invasive species were found in ASIS, GEWA, or SAHI. At CACO, 5 species, including Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Lythrum salicaria, Phalaris arundinacea, and Phragmites australis were considered invasive by the Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group (https://massnrc.org/mipag/index.htm) (Table 3). At COLO, only 1 species - Najas minor - was considered invasive by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/invsppdflist) (Table 3). At FIIS, 3 species, including Elaeagnus umbellata, Phragmites australis, and Polygonum perfoliatum were considered invasive by the state of New York (State of New York, 2022) (Table 3). At GATE, 4 species, including Artemisia vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, Phragmites australis, Rubus phoenicolasius, were considered invasive by the state of New York (State of New York, 2022) (Table 3).

  Relative cover of the majority of these invasive species either remained stable over the course of the study period or were only found once (Figure 3). Of the two invasive species with increasing relative cover, Phragmites australis at CACO increased from a low of 17.7% in 2000 to a high of 96.8% in 2005, although this change may be related to differences in the number of sites used in the earlier vs. later years at CACO. Similarly, the cover of Artemisia vulgaris at GATE increased from a low of 7.5% in 2014 to a high of 91.3% in 2018 (Figure 3). Only 1 invasive species, Phalaris arundinacea at CACO decreased substantially from a high of 54.5% in 2008 to a low of 24.8% in 2013 (Figure 3).

 

Table 3. Invasive, noxious, or prohibited species found at each park.
Park unit	Species
CACO	Celastrus orbiculatus
	Lonicera japonica
	Lythrum salicaria
	Phalaris arundinacea
	Phragmites australis
COLO	Najas minor
FIIS	Elaeagnus umbellata
	Phragmites australis
	Polygonum perfoliatum
GATE	Artemisia vulgaris
	Lonicera japonica
	Phragmites australis
	Rubus phoenicolasius

 

 

Wetland Species

  Of the 280 unique species identified across all parks, 147 were considered hydrophytic in the northeast wetland region (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2009) based on their characterization as either obligate, facultative wetland, or faculative on the National Wetland Plant List (Lichvar et al. 2016). Total wetland species richness ranged from a low of 10 at SAHI to a high of 103 at CACO (mean: 41 ± 11; Table 4).

 

Table 4. Total hydrophyte species richness at each park unit.
Park unit	Total hydrophyte species richness
ASIS	25
CACO	103
COLO	49
FIIS	37
GATE	24
GEWA	39
SAHI	10
mean (+/- 1 SE)	41 +/- 11

 

Table 5. Hydrophytic plant cover species with the top 5 highest relative mean cover at each park accross all years.
Park unit	Species	Cover (%)
ASIS	Spartina alterniflora	53.5
	Spartina patens	9.1
	Distichlis spicata	8.6
	Salicornia maritima	3.0
	Iva frutescens	2.6
CACO	Phragmites australis	19.3
	Typha angustifolia	11.5
	Spartina alterniflora	11.3
	Thelypteris palustris	3.7
	Spartina patens	2.9
COLO	Spartina cynosuroides	16.1
	Peltandra virginica	15.4
	Zizania aquatica	4.0
	Schoenoplectus pungens	1.9
	Pontederia cordata	1.9
FIIS	Spartina alterniflora	33.7
	Spartina patens	10.1
	Distichlis spicata	5.6
	Phragmites australis	2.3
	Salicornia maritima	1.8
GATE	Spartina alterniflora	65.2
	Spartina patens	9.0
	Iva frutescens	3.8
	Distichlis spicata	3.3
	Suaeda maritima	1.6
GEWA	Spartina cynosuroides	8.4
	Spartina alterniflora	7.2
	Amaranthus cannabinus	4.8
	Kosteletzkya virginica	2.2
	Typha angustifolia	2.2
SAHI	Spartina alterniflora	74.6
	Distichlis spicata	7.7
	Spartina patens	7.7
	Suaeda maritima	2.4
	Salicornia maritima	1.6

 

 

wetland_species %>%
  filter(UnitCode == "ASIS") %>%
  group_by(UnitCode, Year_chr, SciName_cor) %>%
  summarise(mean_rel_cover = mean(rel_percent_cover, na.rm =T)) %>%
  pivot_wider(., id_cols = c("UnitCode", "Year_chr"), names_from = SciName_cor, values_from = c(mean_rel_cover), values_fill = 0) %>%
  pivot_longer(., cols = -c("UnitCode", "Year_chr"), names_to = "SciName_cor", values_to = "mean_rel_cover") %>%
  mutate(cover_category = factor(case_when(
    mean_rel_cover == 0 ~ NA,
    mean_rel_cover > 0 & mean_rel_cover < 2 ~ "b1%",
    mean_rel_cover > 2 & mean_rel_cover <= 4 ~ "c2-4%",
    mean_rel_cover > 4 & mean_rel_cover <= 9 ~ "d5-9%",
    mean_rel_cover > 9 & mean_rel_cover <= 24 ~ "e10-24%",
    mean_rel_cover > 25 & mean_rel_cover <= 49 ~ "f25-49%",
    mean_rel_cover > 49 & mean_rel_cover <= 74 ~ "g50-74%",
    mean_rel_cover > 74 ~ "h75-100%"
  ))) %>%
  mutate(SciName_cor = factor(SciName_cor, levels=rev(sort(unique(SciName_cor))))) %>%
  ggplot(., aes(x = Year_chr, y = SciName_cor, fill = cover_category)) +
  geom_tile(color = "light grey", size = 0.25) +
  scale_y_discrete(expand = c(0,0), name = "") +
  scale_x_discrete(expand = c(0,0), name = "") +
  scale_fill_brewer(type = "seq", palette = "YlGn", name = "Mean relative\ncover (%)") +
  lfeheR::theme() +
  theme_grey(base_size=8) +
  theme(
    panel.background = element_blank(),
    panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = "transparent"),
    axis.ticks=element_line(linewidth=0.4)
  )

 

Discussion

Species richness per plot at all parks (except CACO prior to 2005) was similar to that of other salt marshes along the eastern Atlantic coast of North America (citations here).

Literature Cited

Lichvar, R.W., D.L. Banks, W.N. Kirchner, and N.C. Melvin. 2016. The National Wetland Plant List: 2016 wetland ratings. Phytoneuron 2016-30: 1-17. (See also the official website of the National Wetland Plant List.)

State of New York. 2022. New York Laws, Environmental Conservation § 9-170. New York Department of State. 2021. 6 New York Codes, Rules and Regulations Part 575: Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2009. Regional supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Northcentral and Northeast Region. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory ERDC/EL TR-09-19.

Appendix 1A. Salt marsh plant species list for Assateague Island National Seashore.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Andropogon virginicus	broomsedge bluestem	ANVI2
Aster	aster	ASTER
Atriplex patula	spear saltbush	ATPA4
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Carex	sedge	CAREX
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum	western panicgrass	DIACF
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Eleocharis	spikerush	ELEOC
Elymus virginicus	Virginia wildrye	ELVI3
Eragrostis	lovegrass	ERAGR
Festuca rubra	red fescue	FERU2
Ilex opaca	American holly	ILOP
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juncus effusus	common rush	JUEF
Juncus gerardii	saltmeadow rush	JUGE
Juncus roemerianus	needlegrass rush	JURO
Limonium carolinianum	lavender thrift	LICA17
Lythrum lineare	wand lythrum	LYLI2
Mitchella repens	partridgeberry	MIRE
Morella cerifera	wax myrtle	MOCE2
Morella pensylvanica	northern bayberry	MOPE6
Panicum virgatum	switchgrass	PAVI2
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia creeper	PAQU2
Phytolacca americana	American pokeweed	PHAM4
Pinus rigida	pitch pine	PIRI
Pinus taeda	loblolly pine	PITA
Ruppia maritima	widgeongrass	RUMA5
Salicornia	pickleweed	SALIC
Salicornia bigelovii	dwarf saltwort	SABI
Salicornia maritima	slender grasswort	SAMA11
Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus	seaside brookweed	SAVAP
Schoenoplectus americanus	chairmaker's bulrush	SCAM6
Schoenoplectus pungens	common threesquare	SCPU10
Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens	common threesquare	SCPUP5
Schoenoplectus robustus	sturdy bulrush	SCRO5
Smilax rotundifolia	roundleaf greenbrier	SMRO
Solidago sempervirens	seaside goldenrod	SOSE
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Suaeda maritima	herbaceous seepweed	SUMA
Toxicodendron radicans	eastern poison ivy	TORA2
Vitis rotundifolia	muscadine	VIRO3

 

Appendix 1B. Salt marsh plant species list for Cape Cod National Seashore.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Acer rubrum	red maple	ACRU
Achillea millefolium	common yarrow	ACMI2
Agalinis maritima	saltmarsh false foxglove	AGMA3
Agrostis gigantea	redtop	AGGI2
Agrostis hyemalis	winter bentgrass	AGHY
Agrostis perennans	upland bentgrass	AGPE
Agrostis stolonifera	creeping bentgrass	AGST2
Amelanchier	serviceberry	AMELA
Amelanchier canadensis	Canadian serviceberry	AMCA4
Ammophila breviligulata	American beachgrass	AMBR
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	kinnikinnick	ARUV
Artemisia campestris	field sagewort	ARCA12
Artemisia stelleriana	oldwoman	ARST6
Atriplex	saltbush	ATRIP
Atriplex prostrata	triangle orache	ATPR
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Betula populifolia	gray birch	BEPO
Bidens connata	purplestem beggarticks	BICO5
Boehmeria cylindrica	smallspike false nettle	BOCY
Cakile edentula	American searocket	CAED
Calamagrostis canadensis	bluejoint	CACA4
Calystegia sepium	hedge false bindweed	CASE13
Carex	sedge	CAREX
Carex canescens	silvery sedge	CACA11
Carex comosa	longhair sedge	CACO8
Carex lurida	shallow sedge	CALU5
Carex normalis	greater straw sedge	CANO
Carex scoparia	broom sedge	CASC11
Celastrus orbiculatus	Oriental bittersweet	CEOR7
Chenopodium album	lambsquarters	CHAL7
Cladonia	cup lichen	CLADO3
Cyperus filicinus	fern flatsedge	CYFI
Daucus carota	Queen Anne's lace	DACA6
Decodon verticillatus	swamp loosestrife	DEVE
Deschampsia flexuosa	wavy hairgrass	DEFL
Dichanthelium	rosette grass	DICHA2
Dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum	western panicgrass	DIACF
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Drosera rotundifolia	roundleaf sundew	DRRO
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Russian-olive	ELAN
Eleocharis	spikerush	ELEOC
Eleocharis tenuis	slender spikerush	ELTE
Elymus repens	quackgrass	ELRE4
Elymus virginicus	Virginia wildrye	ELVI3
Epilobium leptophyllum	bog willowherb	EPLE2
Erechtites hieraciifolia	American burnweed	ERHI2
Erechtites hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia	American burnweed	ERHIH
Eupatoriadelphus dubius	coastal plain joe pye weed	EUDU2
Eupatoriadelphus maculatus var. bruneri	spotted joe pye weed	EUMAB
Euthamia caroliniana	slender goldentop	EUCA26
Euthamia graminifolia	flat-top goldentop	EUGR5
Festuca rubra	red fescue	FERU2
Fragaria virginiana	Virginia strawberry	FRVI
Galium	bedstraw	GALIU
Galium trifidum	threepetal bedstraw	GATR2
Gaylussacia baccata	black huckleberry	GABA
Glyceria canadensis	rattlesnake mannagrass	GLCA
Hieracium	hawkweed	HIERA
Hieracium aurantiacum	orange hawkweed	HIAU
Holcus lanatus	common velvetgrass	HOLA
Hudsonia ericoides	pine barren goldenheather	HUER
Hudsonia tomentosa	woolly beachheather	HUTO
Hypochaeris radicata	hairy cat's ear	HYRA3
Ilex verticillata	common winterberry	ILVE
Impatiens capensis	jewelweed	IMCA
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juncus canadensis	Canadian rush	JUCA3
Juncus effusus	common rush	JUEF
Juncus gerardii	saltmeadow rush	JUGE
Juncus greenei	Greene's rush	JUGR
Juncus tenuis	poverty rush	JUTE
Lactuca canadensis	Canada lettuce	LACA
Lathyrus japonicus	beach pea	LAJA
Lechea intermedia	largepod pinweed	LEIN
Lechea maritima	beach pinweed	LEMA
Leersia oryzoides	rice cutgrass	LEOR
Lemna	duckweed	LEMNA
Lemna minor	common duckweed	LEMI3
Limonium carolinianum	lavender thrift	LICA17
Lonicera	honeysuckle	LONIC
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle	LOJA
Lycopus	waterhorehound	LYCOP4
Lycopus americanus	American water horehound	LYAM
Lycopus uniflorus	northern bugleweed	LYUN
Lysimachia terrestris	earth loosestrife	LYTE2
Lythrum salicaria	purple loosestrife	LYSA2
Morella pensylvanica	northern bayberry	MOPE6
Nuttallanthus canadensis	Canada toadflax	NUCA
Onoclea sensibilis	sensitive fern	ONSE
Osmunda cinnamomea	cinnamon fern	OSCI
Osmunda regalis	royal fern	OSRE
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia creeper	PAQU2
Phalaris arundinacea	reed canarygrass	PHAR3
Photinia melanocarpa	black chokeberry	PHME13
Photinia pyrifolia	red chokeberry	PHPY4
Phragmites australis	common reed	PHAU7
Pinus rigida	pitch pine	PIRI
Plantago	plantain	PLANT
Plantago maritima	goose tongue	PLMA3
Plantago maritima var. juncoides	goose tongue	PLMAJ
Platanthera clavellata	small green wood orchid	PLCL
Pluchea odorata	sweetscent	PLOD
Pluchea odorata var. odorata	sweetscent	PLODO
Poa palustris	fowl bluegrass	POPA2
Polygonella articulata	coastal jointweed	POAR4
Polygonum	knotweed	POLYG4
Polygonum arifolium	halberdleaf tearthumb	POAR6
Polygonum hydropiper	marshpepper knotweed	POHY
Polygonum sagittatum	arrowleaf tearthumb	POSA5
Populus grandidentata	bigtooth aspen	POGR4
Populus tremuloides	quaking aspen	POTR5
Potentilla simplex	common cinquefoil	POSI2
Prunus cerasifera	cherry plum	PRCE2
Prunus maritima	beach plum	PRMA2
Prunus serotina	black cherry	PRSE2
Pteridium aquilinum	western brackenfern	PTAQ
Puccinellia distans	weeping alkaligrass	PUDI
Puccinellia maritima	seaside alkaligrass	PUMA
Quercus alba	white oak	QUAL
Quercus ilicifolia	scrub oak	QUIL
Quercus velutina	black oak	QUVE
Rhus copallinum	winged sumac	RHCO
Ribes hirtellum	hairystem gooseberry	RIHI
Ribes lacustre	prickly currant	RILA
Rosa	rose	ROSA5
Rosa carolina	Carolina rose	ROCA4
Rosa palustris	swamp rose	ROPA
Rosa rugosa	rugosa rose	RORU
Rosa virginiana	Virginia rose	ROVI2
Rubus	blackberry	RUBUS
Rubus allegheniensis	Allegheny blackberry	RUAL
Rubus flagellaris	northern dewberry	RUFL
Rubus hispidus	bristly dewberry	RUHI
Rubus idaeus	American red raspberry	RUID
Rubus occidentalis	black raspberry	RUOC
Rumex	dock	RUMEX
Rumex acetosella	common sheep sorrel	RUAC3
Rumex orbiculatus	greater water dock	RUOR2
Salicornia	pickleweed	SALIC
Salicornia bigelovii	dwarf saltwort	SABI
Salicornia maritima	slender grasswort	SAMA11
Salix bebbiana	Bebb willow	SABE2
Sambucus nigra	black elderberry	SANI4
Sassafras albidum	sassafras	SAAL5
Schizachyrium scoparium	little bluestem	SCSC
Schoenoplectus americanus	chairmaker's bulrush	SCAM6
Schoenoplectus pungens	common threesquare	SCPU10
Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens	common threesquare	SCPUP5
Schoenoplectus robustus	sturdy bulrush	SCRO5
Scirpus cyperinus	woolgrass	SCCY
Scutellaria	skullcap	SCUTE
Scutellaria galericulata	marsh skullcap	SCGA
Sisyrinchium atlanticum	eastern blue-eyed grass	SIAT
Smilax rotundifolia	roundleaf greenbrier	SMRO
Solanum dulcamara	climbing nightshade	SODU
Solidago	goldenrod	SOLID
Solidago canadensis	Canada goldenrod	SOCA6
Solidago flexicaulis	zigzag goldenrod	SOFL2
Solidago latissimifolia	Elliott's goldenrod	SOLA4
Solidago odora	anisescented goldenrod	SOOD
Solidago rugosa	wrinkleleaf goldenrod	SORU2
Solidago sempervirens	seaside goldenrod	SOSE
Sparganium americanum	American bur-reed	SPAM
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Spergularia salina	salt sandspurry	SPSA5
Sphagnum	sphagnum	SPHAG2
Spiraea	spirea	SPIRA
Spiraea alba	white meadowsweet	SPAL2
Spiraea tomentosa	steeplebush	SPTO2
Suaeda	seepweed	SUAED
Suaeda linearis	annual seepweed	SULI
Suaeda maritima	herbaceous seepweed	SUMA
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii	New York aster	SYNO3
Symphyotrichum subulatum	eastern annual saltmarsh aster	SYSU5
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium	perennial saltmarsh aster	SYTE6
Teucrium canadense	Canada germander	TECA3
Thelypteris palustris	eastern marsh fern	THPA
Thinopyrum pycnanthum	tick quackgrass	THPY4
Toxicodendron radicans	eastern poison ivy	TORA2
Triadenum virginicum	Virginia marsh St. Johnswort	TRVI2
Typha angustifolia	narrowleaf cattail	TYAN
Vaccinium angustifolium	lowbush blueberry	VAAN
Vaccinium corymbosum	highbush blueberry	VACO
Vaccinium macrocarpon	cranberry	VAMA
Viburnum	viburnum	VIBUR
Viburnum dentatum	southern arrowwood	VIDE
Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum	southern arrowwood	VIDED4
Viola lanceolata	bog white violet	VILA4

 

Appendix 1C. Salt marsh plant species list for Colonial National Historical Park.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Acer rubrum	red maple	ACRU
Amaranthus cannabinus	tidalmarsh amaranth	AMCA2
Apios americana	groundnut	APAM
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Brasenia schreberi	watershield	BRSC
Carex	sedge	CAREX
Carex hyalinolepis	shoreline sedge	CAHY3
Carex lurida	shallow sedge	CALU5
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Eleocharis parvula	dwarf spikerush	ELPA5
Hibiscus moscheutos	crimsoneyed rosemallow	HIMO
Hydrocotyle	hydrocotyle	HYDRO2
Hydrocotyle verticillata	whorled marshpennywort	HYVE2
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juncus	rush	JUNCU
Juncus effusus	common rush	JUEF
Juncus gerardii	saltmeadow rush	JUGE
Juncus roemerianus	needlegrass rush	JURO
Juncus tenuis	poverty rush	JUTE
Juniperus virginiana	eastern redcedar	JUVI
Leersia	cutgrass	LEERS
Leersia oryzoides	rice cutgrass	LEOR
Lilaeopsis chinensis	eastern grasswort	LICH
Lonicera	honeysuckle	LONIC
Lycopus	waterhorehound	LYCOP4
Lythrum lineare	wand lythrum	LYLI2
Mikania scandens	climbing hempvine	MISC
Morella cerifera	wax myrtle	MOCE2
Najas minor	brittle waternymph	NAMI
Osmunda regalis	royal fern	OSRE
Peltandra virginica	green arrow arum	PEVI
Persea borbonia	redbay	PEBO
Phragmites australis	common reed	PHAU7
Phyla lanceolata	lanceleaf fogfruit	PHLA3
Pinus rigida	pitch pine	PIRI
Pluchea odorata	sweetscent	PLOD
Polygonum	knotweed	POLYG4
Polygonum persicaria	spotted ladysthumb	POPE3
Polygonum punctatum	dotted smartweed	POPU5
Pontederia cordata	pickerelweed	POCO14
Ptilimnium capillaceum	herbwilliam	PTCA
Rumex verticillatus	swamp dock	RUVE3
Sagittaria lancifolia	bulltongue arrowhead	SALA
Sagittaria subulata	awl-leaf arrowhead	SASU
Samolus valerandi	seaside brookweed	SAVA3
Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus	seaside brookweed	SAVAP
Schoenoplectus americanus	chairmaker's bulrush	SCAM6
Schoenoplectus pungens	common threesquare	SCPU10
Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens	common threesquare	SCPUP5
Schoenoplectus robustus	sturdy bulrush	SCRO5
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani	softstem bulrush	SCTA2
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina cynosuroides	big cordgrass	SPCY
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Taxodium distichum	baldcypress	TADI2
Teucrium canadense	Canada germander	TECA3
Thelypteris palustris	eastern marsh fern	THPA
Toxicodendron radicans	eastern poison ivy	TORA2
Typha	cattail	TYPHA
Typha angustifolia	narrowleaf cattail	TYAN
Vitis	grape	VITIS
Zizania aquatica	annual wildrice	ZIAQ
Zizaniopsis miliacea	giant cutgrass	ZIMI

 

Appendix 1D. Salt marsh plant species list for Fire Island National Seashore.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Ammophila breviligulata	American beachgrass	AMBR
Atriplex patula	spear saltbush	ATPA4
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Bassia hirsuta	hairy smotherweed	BAHI3
Bassia hyssopifolia	fivehorn smotherweed	BAHY
Cakile edentula	American searocket	CAED
Calystegia sepium	hedge false bindweed	CASE13
Cuscuta	dodder	CUSCU
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Elaeagnus umbellata	autumn olive	ELUM
Eleocharis	spikerush	ELEOC
Elymus virginicus	Virginia wildrye	ELVI3
Hibiscus	rosemallow	HIBIS2
Hibiscus moscheutos	crimsoneyed rosemallow	HIMO
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juncus	rush	JUNCU
Juncus canadensis	Canadian rush	JUCA3
Juncus effusus	common rush	JUEF
Juncus gerardii	saltmeadow rush	JUGE
Juncus roemerianus	needlegrass rush	JURO
Kosteletzkya virginica	Virginia saltmarsh mallow	KOVI
Lepidium	pepperweed	LEPID
Limonium carolinianum	lavender thrift	LICA17
Lonicera	honeysuckle	LONIC
Mikania scandens	climbing hempvine	MISC
Morella pensylvanica	northern bayberry	MOPE6
Panicum	panicgrass	PANIC
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia creeper	PAQU2
Phragmites australis	common reed	PHAU7
Pluchea odorata	sweetscent	PLOD
Polygonum perfoliatum	Asiatic tearthumb	POPE10
Polygonum punctatum	dotted smartweed	POPU5
Quercus velutina	black oak	QUVE
Rosa	rose	ROSA5
Rubus	blackberry	RUBUS
Ruppia maritima	widgeongrass	RUMA5
Salicornia	pickleweed	SALIC
Salicornia bigelovii	dwarf saltwort	SABI
Salicornia maritima	slender grasswort	SAMA11
Schoenoplectus americanus	chairmaker's bulrush	SCAM6
Schoenoplectus pungens	common threesquare	SCPU10
Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens	common threesquare	SCPUP5
Schoenoplectus robustus	sturdy bulrush	SCRO5
Scirpus	bulrush	SCIRP
Setaria parviflora	marsh bristlegrass	SEPA10
Smilax rotundifolia	roundleaf greenbrier	SMRO
Solidago rugosa	wrinkleleaf goldenrod	SORU2
Solidago sempervirens	seaside goldenrod	SOSE
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Suaeda	seepweed	SUAED
Suaeda maritima	herbaceous seepweed	SUMA
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium	perennial saltmarsh aster	SYTE6
Teucrium canadense	Canada germander	TECA3
Thelypteris palustris	eastern marsh fern	THPA
Toxicodendron radicans	eastern poison ivy	TORA2
Triadenum virginicum	Virginia marsh St. Johnswort	TRVI2
Typha angustifolia	narrowleaf cattail	TYAN
Vitis rotundifolia	muscadine	VIRO3

 

Appendix 1E. Salt marsh plant species list for Gateway National Recreation Area.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Acalypha rhomboidea	common threeseed mercury	ACRH
Ageratina altissima	white snakeroot	AGAL5
Amelanchier canadensis	Canadian serviceberry	AMCA4
Ammophila breviligulata	American beachgrass	AMBR
Artemisia vulgaris	common wormwood	ARVU
Atriplex cristata	crested saltbush	ATCR2
Atriplex patula	spear saltbush	ATPA4
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Bassia	smotherweed	BASSI
Bassia hyssopifolia	fivehorn smotherweed	BAHY
Bidens bipinnata	Spanish needles	BIBI7
Bromus	brome	BROMU
Cakile edentula	American searocket	CAED
Calystegia sepium	hedge false bindweed	CASE13
Carex kobomugi	Japanese sedge	CAKO2
Celtis occidentalis	hackberry	CEOC
Cenchrus longispinus	mat sandbur	CELO3
Cenchrus tribuloides	sanddune sandbur	CETR
Centaurea melitensis	Maltese star-thistle	CEME2
Chamaesyce polygonifolia	seaside sandmat	CHPO6
Digitaria	crabgrass	DIGIT2
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Ilex opaca	American holly	ILOP
Ipomoea	morning-glory	IPOMO
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juniperus virginiana	eastern redcedar	JUVI
Lepidium virginicum	Virginia pepperweed	LEVI3
Limonium carolinianum	lavender thrift	LICA17
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle	LOJA
Melilotus	sweetclover	MELIL
Mirabilis nyctaginea	heartleaf four o'clock	MINY
Myrica gale	sweetgale	MYGA
Opuntia humifusa	devil's-tongue	OPHU
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia creeper	PAQU2
Phragmites australis	common reed	PHAU7
Phytolacca americana	American pokeweed	PHAM4
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium	rabbit-tobacco	PSOB3
Rhus copallinum var. latifolia	winged sumac	RHCOL2
Rosa rugosa	rugosa rose	RORU
Rubus pensilvanicus	Pennsylvania blackberry	RUPE3
Rubus phoenicolasius	wine raspberry	RUPH
Ruppia maritima	widgeongrass	RUMA5
Salicornia	pickleweed	SALIC
Salicornia bigelovii	dwarf saltwort	SABI
Salicornia maritima	slender grasswort	SAMA11
Salsola kali	Russian thistle	SAKA
Setaria parviflora	marsh bristlegrass	SEPA10
Smilax rotundifolia	roundleaf greenbrier	SMRO
Solanum nigrum	black nightshade	SONI
Solidago	goldenrod	SOLID
Solidago sempervirens	seaside goldenrod	SOSE
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Suaeda	seepweed	SUAED
Suaeda linearis	annual seepweed	SULI
Suaeda maritima	herbaceous seepweed	SUMA
Toxicodendron radicans	eastern poison ivy	TORA2
Xanthium strumarium	rough cocklebur	XAST

 

Appendix 1F. Salt marsh plant species list for George Washington Birthplace National Monument.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Acer rubrum	red maple	ACRU
Alnus serrulata	hazel alder	ALSE2
Amaranthus cannabinus	tidalmarsh amaranth	AMCA2
Atriplex patula	spear saltbush	ATPA4
Baccharis halimifolia	eastern baccharis	BAHA
Boehmeria cylindrica	smallspike false nettle	BOCY
Brasenia schreberi	watershield	BRSC
Cyperus	flatsedge	CYPER
Decodon verticillatus	swamp loosestrife	DEVE
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Elymus virginicus	Virginia wildrye	ELVI3
Galium	bedstraw	GALIU
Hibiscus moscheutos	crimsoneyed rosemallow	HIMO
Hydrocotyle verticillata	whorled marshpennywort	HYVE2
Ilex opaca	American holly	ILOP
Impatiens capensis	jewelweed	IMCA
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Juncus effusus	common rush	JUEF
Kosteletzkya virginica	Virginia saltmarsh mallow	KOVI
Leersia oryzoides	rice cutgrass	LEOR
Lythrum lineare	wand lythrum	LYLI2
Mikania scandens	climbing hempvine	MISC
Morella cerifera	wax myrtle	MOCE2
Onoclea sensibilis	sensitive fern	ONSE
Panicum virgatum	switchgrass	PAVI2
Peltandra virginica	green arrow arum	PEVI
Phalaris arundinacea	reed canarygrass	PHAR3
Phragmites australis	common reed	PHAU7
Polygonum arifolium	halberdleaf tearthumb	POAR6
Polygonum punctatum	dotted smartweed	POPU5
Polygonum sagittatum	arrowleaf tearthumb	POSA5
Ptilimnium capillaceum	herbwilliam	PTCA
Quercus phellos	willow oak	QUPH
Rumex	dock	RUMEX
Rumex verticillatus	swamp dock	RUVE3
Saururus cernuus	lizard's tail	SACE
Schoenoplectus americanus	chairmaker's bulrush	SCAM6
Schoenoplectus robustus	sturdy bulrush	SCRO5
Smilax rotundifolia	roundleaf greenbrier	SMRO
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina cynosuroides	big cordgrass	SPCY
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Typha angustifolia	narrowleaf cattail	TYAN
Zizania aquatica	annual wildrice	ZIAQ

 

Appendix 1G. Salt marsh plant species list for Sagamore Hill National Historic Site.
Species	Common Name	USDA Symbol
Ammophila breviligulata	American beachgrass	AMBR
Atriplex cristata	crested saltbush	ATCR2
Atriplex patula	spear saltbush	ATPA4
Bassia hyssopifolia	fivehorn smotherweed	BAHY
Distichlis spicata	saltgrass	DISP
Iva frutescens	Jesuit's bark	IVFR
Lechea maritima	beach pinweed	LEMA
Limonium carolinianum	lavender thrift	LICA17
Panicum amarum	bitter panicgrass	PAAM2
Ruppia maritima	widgeongrass	RUMA5
Salicornia	pickleweed	SALIC
Salicornia maritima	slender grasswort	SAMA11
Solidago sempervirens	seaside goldenrod	SOSE
Spartina alterniflora	smooth cordgrass	SPAL
Spartina patens	saltmeadow cordgrass	SPPA
Suaeda	seepweed	SUAED
Suaeda calceoliformis	Pursh seepweed	SUCA2
Suaeda maritima	herbaceous seepweed	SUMA